The Theory of Psychological Egoism

Introduction The story of Tony, Claire and Beth confirms the theory of psychological egoism. According to the theory of psychological egoism, everyone is selfish and this is built in the nature of human beings. We therefore can not avoid acting selfishly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Psychological Egoism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tony, Claire and Beth in one way or another have decided to give up their comfort to support another’s life. Each one of them is providing support to another’s life in order to gain some fame or feel good about himself or herself although their acts may seem acts of self-sacrifice. According to Psychological egoism, self-less good deeds do not exist. Beth feels good about herself for providing support for her sick mother. She becomes too busy with her mother and forgets about the emotional needs of Tony. Claire also decides to offer support to both B eth and Tony, but this is seen an opportunity to feel good about herself and be popular to the two and most likely to ward off future bad events. Tony also offers his support to Beth so as to maintain the relationship between them. To satisfy his ego, Tony decides to get into another relationship behind Beth’s back. Tony took advantage of Beth’s situation because he was sure he would get away with it (Rosentand, 2005). Ethical Theory Subscribers According to the theory of ethical egoism, we should always be selfish in our actions in order to protect or achieve our interest. Proponents and believers of ethical egoism are guided by utilitarianism where actions are guided by the consequences it could have on the individual. The consequences of the action taken by the individual have to be beneficial to him or her. We should therefore treat others in a way that gives an opportunity to receive the same treatment should the same thing happen to us.Advertising Looking fo r essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having in mind that what goes around could sometimes come around; a subscriber to the theory of ethical egoism knowing he or she could also be cheated on may decide to tell Beth the truth in order to strengthen the relationship between them. This would give him or her opportunity to be told the truth whenever his or her fiancà ©e cheats behind his or her back. To some subscribers of ethical egoism, it would not matter how the relationship ends as long as he or she maintains a close friendship with Beth. The golden rule guiding ethical egoist usually emphasizes the self and not others. Subscribers of ethical egoism believe that it is okay to treat others in a manner that would work to your advantage as long as you are sure you will benefit from it. This means that in this case, whatever happens to the relationship is the least of a proponent’s problem as long as he or she ma intains friendship with Beth. On the other hand, a subscriber to the theory may decide to keep the secret as if he or she knows nothing about what the problem could have been. This could be driven by the fact that he or she would also not want his or her relationships to be interfered with should he or she also decide to cheat on his or her fiancà ©e. This is likely to be done by those who want to shield Tony and could even decide to give Beth other excuses for Tony’s past behavior. Such a subscriber believes that by defending Tony, he or she would receive the same when caught in the same situation. Solution According to the theory of psychological egoism, Tony had applied his invisibility during Beth’s commitment to her mother to satisfy his emotional needs. His perceived invisibility led him into temptation which made him involve in a short temporary relationship.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Psychological Egoism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, such weak characters have to be punished or at least made to realize their mistakes. Tony’s act of selfishness should be counseled and Beth be made to know before they get married regardless of how good he had been to Beth. He has to be held accountable for his deeds because actions are results of decisions. However, the counseling should involve both Tony and Beth together. This would help each one them understand his or her mistake leading to the situation. I would counsel Tony to make him reveal what he did and what had led to the temptation and also make Beth understand the part she played in causing the situation. They would therefore both understand what they aught to have done and each be made to apologize for his or her part. Making Tony understand that cheating on his fiancà ©e was not the best and well thought solution would be the most fundamental part of the counseling. The counseling w ould help both of them move forward without any doubts about each other and would also make them free to discuss their feelings about each other. Conclusion From Tony, Claire and Beth’s love story, it is not wise to take the ethical theory perspective in solving the problem. It is appropriate to consider better ethical systems which rise above utilitarianism. The position taken should consider the moral rules as well as duties of each person in making the relationship prosper. Reference List Rosentand, N. (2005). The moral of the story. An introduction to ethics, 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Publishers. This essay on The Theory of Psychological Egoism was written and submitted by user Ulik to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essays

Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essays Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essay Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essay In the 1800s. a common battle exists for Asiatic Americans in the United States. specifically the Chinese and Japanese. The term. individuality is recognized through legion events overtime and these events include the function of Asiatic Americans determining the history of America. It took countless old ages for early Chinese and Nipponese persons to be accepted into American life styles. allow entirely be acknowledged of their ain individualities. There are many similarities. yet many differences between Chinese and Nipponese communities. as shown in Hisaye Yamamoto’s short narrative Seventeen Syllables and Ronald Takaki’s excerpt Gam Saan Haak . Hisaye Yamamoto’s Seventeen Syllables expresses the significance behind troubles faced by Nipponese immigrants to the United States. every bit good as the racial separation between these immigrants and their households. The Nipponese immigrant experience many obstructions. such as poorness and unstable matrimonies. Yamamoto’s narrative implicates a adolescent and her female parent. Tome Hayashi who takes an involvement in composing haiku for the Nipponese linguistic communication paper in San Francisco. Her girl nevertheless is practically illiterate to talking Japanese. which is dry since that is her civilization and furthermore. fails to understand the haiku her female parent writes. See Rosie. she said. it was a haiku. a verse form in which she must pack all the significance into 17 syllables ( Yamamoto 154 ) . This is an interesting facet in a sense that while Tome expresses her relevancy on haikus. Rosie pretends to understand the construct and significances of her mother’s acquisition. but realistically she refuses to grok. More significantly. Tome Hayashi merely took an involvement in haiku to get the better of everything that she went through. The truth was revealed when Tome admits to stating Rosie of her yesteryear. As her female parent told her the narrative. Tome remained in control of her life. which is highly hard after garnering that she faced atrocious memories. Rosie was shocked to believe such things. Her female parent. at 19. had come to America and married her male parent as an option to suicide ( 162 ) . Before her male parent. her female parent had met a lover. but merely did she cognize that her lover already had an arranged matrimony by his household. Many of these married twosomes are unsuited for one another and normally. forced to be with one another. Another of import significance is that these jobs were concealed from their kids. which is why Rosie had no thought until the terminal of the narrative. Defeated about her yesteryear. Tome asks Rosie to assure neer to get married and neer be blinded by immature love affair. The narrative portrayed an intergenerational struggle between first coevals and 2nd coevals. What Rosie went through may non hold the same result as her female parent did. Ronald Takaki’s excerpt Gam Saan Haak demonstrates Chinese immigrants as travelers to Gold Mountain ( Takaki 80 ) . Due to difficult economic times. authorities corruptness and lack in China. forced many work forces to prosecute chances overseas. such as the reaching in California. This separated many work forces from their households because there was a control of migration to America. Chinese adult females were excluded by the jurisprudence. which show marks of bias. but alternatively were marked as laundry workers. which was a woman’s occupation ( Takaki 93 ) . Furthermore. Chinese worked in a assortment of businesss: they were housekeepers. retainers. washwomans. dressmakers. cobblers. cooks. mineworkers and fisherwomen. But overpoweringly. particularly in the early old ages. Chinese adult females were prostitutes ( Takaki 121 ) . There were tonss of employments for the Chinese adult females. but most of them were in a status of debt. therefore they turned to the function of being cocottes. Lifes for the cocottes were unreliable because they were beaten on occasions and looked down on based on their position. However. they were tremendously profitable for their proprietors. Since adult females are incapable of working in heavy labour force. it had caused work forces to go off from place to do some money. A great figure of Chinese immigrants came up with the same program to migrate to America. doing the Chinese to do up 25 per centum of the work force. At first they were making great. having concerns such as a tradesman and merchandiser. while some are craftsmans. husbandmans and labour contractors. However. the Americans did non like how the Chinese are taking over their land. A public violence broke out between Americans and Asiatic Americans over the riddance of competition from foreign mineworkers. Takaki generates in his narrative the ultimate solution to forestall Asiatic immigrants from progressing any longer in the work force. To halt the menace. the commission recommended the passage of a foreign miners’ licence tax ( Takaki 81 ) . This signifier of bitterness towards the Chinese was highly unjust. The racial intent of this new revenue enhancement was crystalline: aimed chiefly at the Chinese. this new revenue enhancement required a monthly payment of three dollars from every foreign mineworker who did non want to hold become a citizen ( Takaki 82 ) . This jurisprudence imposed on the immigrants was chiefly an act to drive away Chinese immigrants and take away their concerns. Slowly after. lives for the Chinese have become progressively hard. Alternatively of having concerns. some have to form themselves into little groups. Chinese people were marked as inferior people among the white Americans . A common connexion between the Chinese and Nipponese is that adult females are normally restricted from their work forces of the same civilization. doing Chinese and Nipponese work forces to travel for adult females other than their traditional civilization. This normally leads to work forces get marrieding a white adult female. in add-on to holding a household together. interim losing all cultural traditions. Furthermore. when the jurisprudence was passed that Asiatic immigrants are allowed into the United States. they were stopped with the Asian Exclusion Act. where they are sojourned from migration and naturalisation. The changeless racial favoritism against Asians has become the chief statement behind these immigrants’ experiences. Many immigrants hoped to travel to America. wishing to accommodate to American civilization and life styles and believing that it is possible to be white . However. they were driven out of American due to being a minority. Historically. Whites by and large perceived America as a racially homogeneous society and Americans as white. Long before the Chinese arrived. they had already been predetermined for exclusion by this set of thoughts ; the Chinese hereafter in America could be seen in the black and Indian past ( Takaki 100 ) . This can be seen as racism towards the Chinese workers. This differentiation was made because the Chinese. like the inkinesss were viewed as menaces in white society. In the eyes of Americans. there are no differences between Chinese and Nipponese. They have a shared history and tonss of community. particularly seen through racism. This is true to a certain extent merely because the Gentlemen’s Agreement Act have created some equality for the Japanese. The Japanese were treated somewhat better than the Chinese. While the United States would enforce limitations on Chinese immigrants. they were more indulgent with Nipponese in-migrations in that there were no limitations imposed. There were authorities differences because Nipponese triumph against Russia has made Japan demand for their individuality in America.

Kiva as a Non-Profit Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Kiva as a Non-Profit Organization - Assignment Example Another reason for Kiva’s success is the popularity of micro-financing for small investors and this financing motivates them to start their own business, and then pay back the amount. The internet has benefited the company as there are no entry barriers and this is because the company has been able to reach globally. The method of the transaction is easy and fast which is another advantage for the company. Many international celebrities are also responsible for the success of Kiva as they regularly support the cause of the company by participating in different events organized by Kiva (Zenker). The reason why Kiva is different from other organizations is that it employs different strategies that ensure the repayment of loans taken by people from different countries. The company has made different field partners who are directly responsible for providing and collecting loans for the company (Anderson and Ramirez). These partners are either small firms or individuals working in different countries for making operations of Kiva unique from others. The product philosophy of Kiva also makes the company different from other organizations as lending is perceived as a method of communicating with other people (Anderson and Ramirez). The company believes that lending is related to the exchange of information, and it creates a strong binding and communication between the people involved in this trade. The focus of Kiva is not on profit, and this is because it is different from other lending organizations. The company believes in making business relationship with people rather than b enefactor association and unlike other non-profit organizations that are appealed by people’s compassion, Kiva is attracted towards them because of its interest in businesses (Anderson and Ramirez). The Kiva model can work for larger loans if the company is able to make a strong chain of field partners in countries where  heavy loans are provided to large firms or organizations.

Risk and Threats of Cloud Computing Services Research Paper

Risk and Threats of Cloud Computing Services - Research Paper Example In spite  of the varied horizon  being  offered by the cloud computing services, most of the enterprises are skeptical about the safety of the cloud environment and are less willing to take the risks.  Ã‚  In order to maintain the  clientage  and market competitiveness, cloud service providers must learn from the managed service provider (MSP) model to  guarantee  secure services to their clients along with increasing  virtualization  service  efficiencies, (Foster, 1998). Further, the  companies  that are opting for cloud services are unaware of the unidentified risks existing  within  the cloud environment. The ability of the cloud computing model to offer its clients/users to utilize the service provider’s applications which run on a cloud model infrastructure and these applications can be accessed by a number of clients through a system interface, for example, a Web browser, web-based email system. The user is free of responsibilities such as to manage the infrastructure, web servers, operation management and applications, data storage server maintenance, and network application tasks. b.  Platform as a Service (PaaS):  The cloud computing  PaaS  model offers the user the facility to deploy itself on the computing infrastructure which is built according to the user related applications with the help of programming languages like Java, Net, etc.). As already stated before, the user does not have to manage the infrastructure of the cloud computing service, but the user has full

Portfolio Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Portfolio - Annotated Bibliography Example This article is about a study where women are offered a variety of birth control methods. The results from the study stipulate that most women who chose long acting techniques such as implants which lower the chances of acquiring pregnancy other than birth control pills do not worry about unplanned pregnancies. Notably, it shows that birth control reduced rates of abortion in United States from 19.6 abortions per 1000 women to approximately 4.4 abortions per 1000 women. In addition, the article notes that the introduction of birth control measures reduced rates of birth among teenage girls from 34.3 per 1000 girls to 6.3 per 1000 girls. This article exposes an individual to the effects of birth control on abortion rates. National Public Radio (2012, October 8). Cloud Computing Saves Health Care Industry Time And Money: All Tech Considered: NPR. Retrieved  October  8, 2012, from http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2012/10/01/162080613/cloud-computing-saves-health-care-industry-time-and-money This article explains how cloud computing power makes it less expensive and easier for clinicians and firms to find out newfangled cures and medicinal drugs. Notably, the article portrays that analysis of data that used to take a long time and was expensive can now be done for lesser time and at a lesser cost. In essence, health care organizations can lease gigantic workstation resources per hour at relatively cheap charges. The aptitude to examine and evaluate colossal information in this manner has changed a lot of industries including health care. Needless to say, the article notes that cloud computing has aided medical research where a doctor or any other health care practitioner can use the internet to search for other cases of a disease or a disorder. Cloud computing has aided researchers to evaluate and sequence large amounts of data which is not possible for a person to do on his or her own. Amazon is an excellent

Mills Higher And Lower Pleasures Philosophy Essay

Mills Higher And Lower Pleasures Philosophy Essay Mill claims that pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends. (Mill, p. 187) A few paragraphs later, however, he says that it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. (p. 187) Is Mill contradicting himself, or are these two claims consistent? Mill is rather enhancing instead of contradicting his point of view of utilitarianism by the two claims stated above in the topic. There are two types of pleasures that he introduces here. Pleasure, and freedom from pain imply the lower pleasures which involved purely body sensations (Mill, p.187). On the other hand, being a human or Socrates dissatisfied indicates higher pleasures associated with moral sentiments (Mill, p.187). While an animal could be fully happy with a life of lower pleasures, a human being could not fully be happy unless attention was paid to these higher pleasures. In this paper, I firstly intend to provide an explanation of Mills distinction of higher and lower pleasures regarding these claims. Secondly, I shall introduce the method of calculating overall utility (Mill refers as the only thing desirable as ends) considering both quantities and qualities involving these claims (Mill, p.187). Thirdly, I will interpret how these two claims stated in the top consis tent. Last but not least, I shall reply some objections rose from the discussion. What does Mills distinction between higher and lower pleasures suggest? When Mill introduces the notion of higher pleasures he is clearly discussing, among other things, intellectual pursuits and activities as well as pleasures of aesthetics and sympathy. An adequately satisfying human life must thus contain pleasures of the intellect, of the feelings and imagination, and of the moral sentiments, which have a much higher value as pleasures than those of mere sensation (Mill, p186). Mill delineates how to differentiate between higher and lower quality pleasures: A pleasure is of higher quality if people would choose it over a different pleasure even if it is accompanied by discomfort, and if they would not trade it for a greater amount of the other pleasure (Mill, p.187). Moreover, Mill contends, it is an unquestionable fact that, given equal access to all kinds of pleasures, people will prefer those that appeal to their higher faculties. A person will not choose to become an animal; an educated person will not choose to become ignorant, and so on. Even though a person who uses higher faculties often suffers more in life, he would never choose a lower existence, preferring instead to maintain his dignity. Arguing that pleasures of the intellect are of a higher nature whereas sensual pleasures or the animal appetites are of a lower nature, Mill claims that it is better to be a Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied (Mill, p.187). Mill also attributes the nobility of higher pleasures as accounting for their higher value and believes that competent judges have a sense of dignity which has them prefer intellectual pleasures over sensual ones (Mill, p.187). How do we judge and calculate the overall utility of an action? The Greatest Happiness Principle holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. (Mill, p.187) Pleasure and the absence of pain are, by this account, the only things desirable as ends in themselves, the only things inherently good. Thus, any other circumstance, event, or experience is desirable only insofar as it is a source for such pleasure; actions are good when they lead to a higher level of general happiness, and bad when they decrease that level. While Mill also argues that pleasure can differ in quality, and that pleasures that are rooted in ones higher faculties should be weighted more heavily than baser pleasures. Mill placed great importance in the type of pleasure one experiences. Once people are made aware of thei r higher faculties, they will never be happy to leave them uncultivated. When making a moral judgment on an action, utilitarianism thus takes into account the quality of the pleasures resulting from it. In addition, according to utilitarianism, it is not moral for people just simply to pursue what makes them personally happy. Rather, morality is dictated by the greatest happiness principle; moral action is that which increases the total amount of utility in the world. In other words, quantity also matters. Every human being tries to promote his or her own happiness, and avoid unhappiness. This is natural, not ethical. Promoting happiness becomes an ethical theory when it is applied to all human beings, not just ourselves. Mills utilitarian calculus thus figures out how many people are affected by an action, how they are affected, and therefore whether the action is right or wrong. Thus, the Greatest Happiness Principle tells us that an action is right in so far as it promotes happin ess in all people affected by that action, and wrong in so far as it brings unhappiness to the people affected by that action. In this particular case regarding the claims stated in the topic, it basically proposed the following experiment: one is a soul about to be allocated a life. He is offered either the choice of a great philosopher or that of a pig. The philosopher has a long, prolific career involving great success and enjoyment but the pig can only experience the most primitive sensual experiences possible. Should one choose the apparently insatiable yet intellectually active life of a philosopher or the voluptuous life of an ancient pig (Mill, p.187)?  In accordance with Mills utilitarianism, the choice to opt for would be that of the philosopher. Although the pigs life consists of far greater quantities of sensual pleasure, no amount of this lower pleasure, however prodigious, could compensate for ones existence devoid of inherent higher faculties and the ability to experience higher pleasures. Therefore, the total happiness one derives during their lifetime is not directly proportional to pleasu re. When one considers the maximum possible happiness they can derive from their existence, elements other than pleasure quantity must be considered.   Also, being a human being rather than a pig and being a philosopher rather than a fool brings more utility to the society, more people can benefit from these choices. Thus, quantities matter here as well. These choices are promoting more happiness, thus should be adopted. Some objections may rise from the above discussions. Some people may say that some higher pleasures are accompanied by discomfort, why people would choose it over the lower pleasures, would it bring less happiness? This objection here confuses the happiness with contentment. People who employ higher faculties are often less content, because they have a deeper sense of the limitations of the world. However, their pleasure is of a higher character than that of an animal or a base human. That is why Mill writes, It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied (Mill. P.187). Thus the people best qualified to judge a pleasures quality are people who have experienced both the higher and the lower. There are different qualities of pleasure, and only people with a broad range of experiences can dictate which pleasures are of a higher quality. Furthermore, Mill observes that even if the possession of a noble characte r brought less happiness to the individual, society would still benefit. Thus, because the greatest happiness principle considers the total amount of happiness, a noble character, even if it is less desirable for the individual, is still desirable by a utilitarian standard. From all the reasons stated above, Mill does not contradict himself with the two statements made in the topic. While an animal could be fully happy with a life of lower pleasures, a human being could not fully be happy unless attention was paid to these higher pleasures. Purely sensation pleasures are good; however, higher sentiment pleasures are more profound as they promote more happiness both qualitatively and quantitatively.

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the Xbox 360 will be HD-DVD compatible. Get the full story at GamesIndustry.biz. Who Needs Sight?: How would you feel if someone totally beat the ever-loving waste products out of you while you were playing a game...and they were facing away from the screen? Well, folks who set themselves up for a challenge with 17 year-old Brice Mellen may have to deal with those questions. You see, Brice is blind but has been playing games his entire life, and as a result, is probably a lot better than you in Mortal Kombat Annihilation and Soul Calibur 2. Meet the ultimate gamer at Yahoo! News. Google Wars: A dispute between Canada and Denmark over a tiny island near Greenland (which is a territory of Denmark, despite being larger than the entire European nation) is being fought online via ads on Google, which point to letters of protest centered around the dispute. Find out the full story on Yahoo! News. Wall Of Shame: Chicago's new way of humiliating those caught soliciting a prostitute in their city may be effective at making the perpetrators feel ashamed, but the practice of posting the names and photos of those caught before they're tried has come under scrutiny by law enforcement officials and attorneys. Those actions violate a person's constitutional right to a fair trial by punishing them before they are proven guilty. Read the whole story at Law.com. From The N-Side: At most companies, divulging corporate secrets could get one in boiling hot water, but if you've ever wanted to find out why some of the more peculiar decisions were made at Nintendo over the years, here's your chance. N-Sider has an article that reveals the reasons behind such odd happenings such as the Virtual Boy and the Game Boy-only sequel to Kid Icarus, plus more. Seeing Infrared: A hacker known as Major Malfunction online has revealed to the world exactly how easy it is to hack into one's personal information anytime information is transmitted via an infrared signal, such as in hotel room computers and car door locks. Find out what you're missing if you're not plugged in to DefCon at Wired. Best Name Ever: Even if you're already way past the whole 'birds and the bees' conversation stage in your life, you've got to chuckle at the name for the sequel to the Nintendo DS title Feel the Magic.